TOEFL

hinder - v. 방해하다 :: interfere (with) delay embarrass encumber impede inhibit obstruct

ravage - v. 파괴하다, 황폐케 하다 :: destroy devastate ruin

refrain from - v. 삼가다, 참다 :: avoid endure abstain from hold back from renounce

repudiate - v. 부인하다, 사실이 아님을 주장하다 :: reject abandon give up lay aside renounce

undermine - v. 약화시키다 :: damage weaken

underrate - v. 과소평가하다 :: undervalue diminish minimize underestimate understate

unleash - v. (반응, 감정 등을) 촉발시키다, 분출하다 :: emit erupt give off release send out

vacate - v. (지위, 권리 등을) 포기하다 :: abandon desert

contiguous - a. 인접한, 이웃한 :: neighboring adjacent adjoining bordering

cramped - a. 비좁고 갑갑한 :: confined constricted crowded narrow restricted uncomfortable

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